Kuzeybatı Sami dilleri

Kuzeybatı Sami dilleri
Levant dilleri
Kuzeybatı Sami dilleri; Levant dilleri
Coğrafi dağılım	Orta Doğu
Sınıflandırma	Sami dilleri Batı Sami dilleri Orta Sami dilleri Kuzeybatı Sami dilleri; ; ;
Alt bölümler	Aramice; Kenan dilleri; Amorice (tükenmiş);

Kuzeybatı Sami dilleri, Levant'ın yerli dillerini içeren Sami dillerin bir alt sınıfıdır. İlk Tunç Çağı'nda Proto-Sami dilinden çıkmıştır. İlk olarak Orta Tunç Çağı'nda bu gruba ait Amorice adı verilen dil ile tasdik edilmiştir. Bu sınıfta yazılmış en eski tutarlı metinler, Geç Tunç Çağı'na tarihlenen Ugaritik dilinde yazılmıştır. Bunu Tunç Çağı çöküşü sırasında Eski Aramice ve Demir Çağı'nda Kenan dilleri (Fenikece ve İbranice) izlemiştir.^[1]

Sınıflandırma

Terim, 1908'de Carl Brockelmann tarafından,^[2] Fritz Hommel'in 1883 tarihli "Batı Sami dilleri" sınıflamasını Kuzeybatı (Kenan dilleri ve Aramice) ve Güneybatı (Arapça ve Etiyopik diller) olarak ayırması ile literatüre kazandırılmıştır.^[3]

Brockelmann'ın Kenan alt grubu Ugaritik dil, Fenikece ve İbraniceyi içermektedir. Bazı akademisyenler günümüzde Ugaritik'i, Kenan dillerinin yanında Kuzeybatı Sami dillerinin ayrı bir kolu olarak ayırmaktadır. Orta Sami dilleri Kuzeybatı Sami ve Arapçayı içine alması önerilmiş bir ara gruptur.^[4]

Örnekler

Ugarit	Aramice	Ahit İbranicesi	Türkçe
𐎏𐎅𐎁 (ḏhb)	דהב (dəhaḇ)	זהב (zahab)	altın
𐎘𐎍𐎘 (tlt)	תלת (təlāṯ)	שלוש / שלש (šaloš)	üç
𐎉𐎆 (tw)	טור (ṭûr)	צור çur (ṣur)	dağ

Kaynakça

^ Aaron D. Rubin (2008). "The subgrouping of the Semitic languages". Language and Linguistics Compass. 2 (1). ss. 61-84. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2007.00044.x.
^ The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook, Chapter V 22 Aralık 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., page 425
^ Kurzgefasste vergleichende Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen, Elemente der Laut- und Formenlehre (1908), quote "Das Westsemitische gliedert sich in zwei Hauptgruppen, das Nord- und das Südwestsemitische... Das Nordwestsemitische umfaßt das Kanaanäische und das Aramäische...Das Südwest semitische umfaßt das Arabische und Abessinische."
^ Linguist List Central Semitic composite tree (with Aramaic and Canaanite grouped together in Northwest Semitic, and Arabic and Old South Arabian as sisters) 14 Ekim 2009 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.Linguist List bibliography of sources for composite tree 23 Temmuz 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.Rubin, Aaron D. 2007. The Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages, Language and Linguistics Compass, vol. 1. Huehnergard, John. 2004. "Afro-Asiatic," The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages (Cambridge, pp. 138-159). Faber, Alice. 1997. "Genetic Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages," The Semitic Languages (Routledge, pp. 3-15) Huehnergard, John. 1991. "Remarks on the Classification of the Northwest Semitic Languages," The Balaam Text from Deir 'Alla Re-evaluated (Brill, pp. 282-293). Huehnergard, John. 1992. "Languages of the Ancient Near East," The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Volume 4, pp. 155-170. Voigt, Rainer M. 1987. "The Classification of Central Semitic," Journal of Semitic Studies 32:1-19. Goldenberg, Gideon. 1977. "The Semitic Languages of Ethiopia and Their Classification," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 40:461-507. Ethnologue Central Semitic entry (with Arabic and Canaanite grouped together against Aramaic)The Ethnologue classification is based on Hetzron, Robert. 1987. "Semitic Languages," The World's Major Languages (Oxford, pp. 654-663). The older grouping of Arabic with South Semitic was "based on cultural and geographical principles", not on principles of empirical historical linguistics (Faber, 1997, pg. 5). "However, more recently, [Arabic] has been grouped instead with Canaanite and Aramaic, under the rubric Central Semitic..., and this classification is certainly more appropriate for Ancient North Arabian" (Macdonald, M.C.A. 2004. "Ancient North Arabian," The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages Cambridge, pp. 488-533. Quote on pg. 489).

[1] Aaron D. Rubin (2008). "The subgrouping of the Semitic languages". Language and Linguistics Compass. 2 (1). ss. 61-84. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2007.00044.x.

[Handbook-2] The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook, Chapter V 22 Aralık 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., page 425

[3] Kurzgefasste vergleichende Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen, Elemente der Laut- und Formenlehre (1908), quote "Das Westsemitische gliedert sich in zwei Hauptgruppen, das Nord- und das Südwestsemitische... Das Nordwestsemitische umfaßt das Kanaanäische und das Aramäische...Das Südwest semitische umfaßt das Arabische und Abessinische."

[4] Linguist List Central Semitic composite tree (with Aramaic and Canaanite grouped together in Northwest Semitic, and Arabic and Old South Arabian as sisters) 14 Ekim 2009 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.Linguist List bibliography of sources for composite tree 23 Temmuz 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.Rubin, Aaron D. 2007. The Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages, Language and Linguistics Compass, vol. 1. Huehnergard, John. 2004. "Afro-Asiatic," The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages (Cambridge, pp. 138-159). Faber, Alice. 1997. "Genetic Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages," The Semitic Languages (Routledge, pp. 3-15) Huehnergard, John. 1991. "Remarks on the Classification of the Northwest Semitic Languages," The Balaam Text from Deir 'Alla Re-evaluated (Brill, pp. 282-293). Huehnergard, John. 1992. "Languages of the Ancient Near East," The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Volume 4, pp. 155-170. Voigt, Rainer M. 1987. "The Classification of Central Semitic," Journal of Semitic Studies 32:1-19. Goldenberg, Gideon. 1977. "The Semitic Languages of Ethiopia and Their Classification," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 40:461-507. Ethnologue Central Semitic entry (with Arabic and Canaanite grouped together against Aramaic)The Ethnologue classification is based on Hetzron, Robert. 1987. "Semitic Languages," The World's Major Languages (Oxford, pp. 654-663). The older grouping of Arabic with South Semitic was "based on cultural and geographical principles", not on principles of empirical historical linguistics (Faber, 1997, pg. 5). "However, more recently, [Arabic] has been grouped instead with Canaanite and Aramaic, under the rubric Central Semitic..., and this classification is certainly more appropriate for Ancient North Arabian" (Macdonald, M.C.A. 2004. "Ancient North Arabian," The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages Cambridge, pp. 488-533. Quote on pg. 489).

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