Tumbuka dili

Tumbuka dili
Tumbuka dili
Bölge	Güneydoğu Afrika
Etnisite	Senga (Zambiya), Tumbuka, Yombe (Zambiya), Phoka (Malavi), Henga, Nenyalar, Kuzey Ngoniler ve Tongalar (Malavi)
Konuşan sayısı	; 8.9 milyon
Dil ailesi	Varsayılan Tumbuka dili;
Tanınmış azınlık dili	Malavi; Zambiya; Tanzanya; Zimbabve;
Dil kodları
ISO 639-3	tum
Glottolog	tumb1250
Guthrie kodu	N.21

Chitumbuka veya sadece Tumbuka (Senga (Zambiya) ve diğer adlarla da bilinir), Orta ve Güney Afrika'da konuşulan bir Bantu dilidir ve öncelikle Malavi, Zambiya, Tanzanya ve Zimbabve'de konuşulmaktadır.^[3]^[4] En az 13 Bantu halkının ana dili ve birincil dilidir; bunlar Senga, Tumbuka, Yombe, Phoka, Henga, Balowoka, Fungwe, Hewe, Kuzey Ngoni, Kamanga ve Tonga halkıdır (Malavi) ve 12 bilinen lehçesi bulunmaktadır.^[5]

Kaynakça

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, (Ed.) (2017). "{{{name}}}". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. Guthrie Listesi Yeni Güncellemesi
^ Michigan State University African Studies Center information page.
^ PeopleGroups.org. "PeopleGroups.org - Tumbuka of Zimbabwe". peoplegroups.org. Erişim tarihi: 13 Nisan 2025.
^ "HISTORY OF THE KAMANGA TRIBE OF LAKE NYASA: A NATIVE ACCOUNT". African Affairs. X (XXXIX): 331-341. 1 Nisan 1911. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a101800. ISSN 0001-9909.

Bibliyografya

Botne, Robert (1999). "Future and distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s)?". In: Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman (eds.), Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp. 473–515.
Chase, Robert (2004). "A Comparison of Demonstratives in the Karonga and Henga Dialects of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.
Chavula, Jean Josephine (2016). "Verbal derivation and valency in Chitumbuka". Leiden University doctoral thesis.
Downing, Laura J. (2006). "The Prosody and Syntax of Focus in Chitumbuka". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43, 55-79.
Downing, Laura J. (2008). "Focus and prominence in Chichewa, Chitumbuka and Durban Zulu". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 49, 47-65.
Downing, Laura J. (2012). "On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka". Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Downing, Laura J. (2017). "Tone and intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka". In Laura J. Downing & Annie Rialland (eds) Intonation in African Tone Languages. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, pp. 365–392.
Downing, Laura J. (2019). "Tumbuka prosody: Between tone and stress". In: Emily Clem et al (eds). Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 75-94. Also available online at: [1]
Elmslie, Walter Angus (1923): Introductory Grammar of the Tumbuka Language. Livingstonia Mission Press.
Kamwendo, Gregory H. (2004). Kamwendo "Your Chitumbuka is Shallow. It's not the Real Chitumbuka: Linguistic Purism Among Chitumbuka Speakers in Malawi", Nordic Journal of African Studies 13(3): 275–288.
Kishindo, Pascal J. et Allan L. Lipenga (2006). Parlons citumbuka : langue et culture du Malawi et de la Zambie, L'Harmattan, Paris, Budapest, Kinshasa, 138 pages. 2-296-00470-9
Kishindo, Pascal J. (ed), Jean J. Chavula and others (2018). Tumbuka dili: Mung'anamulira mazgo wa Citumbuka (Citumbuka dictionary). Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi. 978-99960-9-610-5
Kiso, Andrea (2012). "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena". Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.
McNicholl, Duncan (2010). "The No-Nonsense Guide to Learning Chitumbuka: Volume 1".
Moto, Francis (1999). "The Tonal Phonology of Bantu Ideophones". Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics no.1, 100-120. (pp. 112–119 deals with tone in Chitumbuka ideophones).
Mphande, L. (1989). "A Phonological Analysis of the Ideophone in Chitumbuka". Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Texas, Austin.
Shiozaki, Lisa (2004). "Concordial agreement in the Karonga dialect of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.
Turner, W.M. (1952). Tumbuka–Tonga–English Dictionary The Hetherwick Press, Blantyre, Nyasaland (now Malawi).
University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies (2006). "Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi".
Vail, Hazen Leroy (1971). "The noun classes of Tumbuka". African studies, v. 30, 1, p. 35-59.
Vail, Hazen Leroy (1972). "Aspects of the Tumbuka Verb". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin.

Dış bağlantılar

Tumbuka dili hakkında çok kısa bir rapor.
Kuzey Malavi Dil Haritalama Araştırması . Malavi Üniversitesi Dil Çalışmaları Merkezi, 2006.
Kuzey Malavi Dil Haritası
Biraz daha chiTumbuka kelime bilgisi.
Tumbuka'daki PanAfrican L10n sayfası
Citumbuka tek dilli sözlük

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, (Ed.) (2017). "{{{name}}}". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Guthrie-2] Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. Guthrie Listesi Yeni Güncellemesi

[Michigan2-3] Michigan State University African Studies Center information page.

[4] PeopleGroups.org. "PeopleGroups.org - Tumbuka of Zimbabwe". peoplegroups.org. Erişim tarihi: 13 Nisan 2025.

[5] "HISTORY OF THE KAMANGA TRIBE OF LAKE NYASA: A NATIVE ACCOUNT". African Affairs. X (XXXIX): 331-341. 1 Nisan 1911. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a101800. ISSN 0001-9909.

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