Santería

Santeria, Regla de Ocha, Regla Lucumí veya Lucumí olarak da bilinir, 19. yüzyılın sonlarında Küba'da gelişen bir Afrika diasporası dinidir. Batı Afrika'nın geleneksel Yoruba dini, Katoliklik ve Spiritizm arasında bir senkretizm süreci içinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Santería'yı kontrol eden merkezi bir otorite yoktur ve creyentes ('inananlar') olarak bilinen uygulayıcılar arasında büyük bir çeşitlilik vardır.

Santería terimi 'azizlerin yolu' olarak çevrilebilir.^[1] Bu terim ilk olarak 1930'larda akademisyenler tarafından kullanılmış ve daha sonra dinin uygulayıcıları arasında yayılmıştır.^[2] Bazı akademisyenler bunu rahatsız edici bulsa da, din için en popüler isim haline gelmiştir.^[3] Yaygın bir alternatif, 'ocha kuralı' anlamına gelen Regla de Ocha'dır;^[4] ocha, dinin tanrıları için kullanılan bir terimdir.^[5] Bazı inananlar bunu dinin "resmi" adı olarak kabul eder.^[3] Geleneğe aynı zamanda Yoruba halkı için kullanılan kolonyal İspanyolca terime atıfta bulunarak Lucumí adı da verilmiştir,^[6] alternatif olarak La Religión Lucumí ("Lucumí dini")^[7] veya Regla Lucumí ("Lucumí kuralı") olarak da adlandırılır.^[8]

Santería, Afro-Karayip dinidir^[9] ve daha spesifik olarak Afro-Küba dinidir.^[10] Küba'da bazen "ulusal din" olarak tanımlansa da^[11] Küba dışına da yayılmıştır.^[12] Santería'nın kökleri, çoğunluğu Yoruba olan köleleştirilmiş Batı Afrikalılar tarafından 16. ve 19. yüzyıllar arasında Küba'ya getirilen geleneksel dinlere dayanır. Küba'da bu dinler, İspanyol sömürgecilerin getirdiği Roma Katolikliği ile karışmıştır.^[13] Roma Katolik azizleri Batı Afrika tanrılarıyla bir tutulurken^[14] köleleştirilmiş Afrikalılar Roma Katolik ritüellerini ve ayinlerini benimsemiştir.^[15] 19. yüzyılda, Spiritizm'den (Spiritüalizmin Fransız bir çeşidi) unsurlar karışıma dahil olmuş ve^[16] Santería, 19. yüzyılın sonlarında Batı Küba'da ayrı bir din olarak ortaya çıkmıştır.^[9]

Kaynakça

^ Lefever 1996, s. 319; Pérez y Mena 1998, s. 18; Clark 2001, s. 33; Hagedorn 2001, s. 212; Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011, s. 41.
^ Wirtz 2007b.
^ ^a ^b Clark 2007.
^ Mason 1994, s. 36; Pérez y Mena & 1998, s. 18; Hagedorn 2001, s. 14; Mason 2002, s. 8; Ayorinde 2007, s. 151; Wirtz 2007a, s. 109.
^ Hagedorn 2001, s. 14; Ayorinde 2007, s. 151; Clark 2007, s. 3.
^ Brandon 1993, s. 56; Clark 2007, s. 2; Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011, s. 33.
^ Pérez y Mena 1998.
^ Sandoval 1979, s. 149.
^ ^a ^b Clark 2001.
^ Mason 1994.
^ Ayorinde 2007.
^ Hagedorn 2001.
^ Castañeda 2007.
^ Sandoval 1979.
^ Flores-Peña 2005.
^ Lefever 1996.

Bibliyografya

Ayorinde, Christine (2007). "Writing Out Africa? Racial Politics and the Cuban regla de ocha". Theodore Louis Trost (Ed.). The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ss. 151-66. doi:10.1057/9780230609938_9. ISBN 978-1403977861.
Bahia, Joana (2016). "Dancing with the Orixás: Music, Body and the Circulation of African Candomblé Symbols in Germany". African Diaspora. Cilt 9. ss. 15-38. doi:10.1163/18725465-00901005.
Bascom, William R. (1950). "The Focus of Cuban Santería". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 6 (1). ss. 64-68. doi:10.1086/soutjanth.6.1.3628691.
Brandon, George (1991). "The Uses of Plants in Healing in an Afro-Cuban Religion, Santería". Journal of Black Studies. 22 (1). ss. 55-76. doi:10.1177/002193479102200106. JSTOR 2784497.
Brandon, George (1993). Santeria from Africa to the New World: The Dead Sell Memories. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253211149.
Castañeda, Angela N. (2007). "The African Diaspora in Mexico: Santería, Tourism, and Representations of the State". Theodore Louis Trost (Ed.). The African Diaspora and the Study of Religion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ss. 131-50. doi:10.1057/9780230609938_8. ISBN 978-1403977861.
Clark, Mary Ann (2001). "¡No Hay Ningun Santo Aqui! (There Are No Saints Here!): Symbolic Language within Santería". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 69 (1). ss. 21-41. doi:10.1093/jaarel/69.1.21. JSTOR 1466068.
Clark, Mary Ann (2005). Where Men Are Wives And Mothers Rule: Santería Ritual Practices and their Gender Implications. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813028347.
Clark, Mary Ann (2006). "Santería Sacrificial Rituals: A Reconsideration of Religious Violence". The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies. 8 (2). ss. 133-45. doi:10.1558/pome.v8i2.133.
Clark, Mary Ann (2007). Santería: Correcting the Myths and Uncovering the Realities of a Growing Religion. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 978-0275990794.
Conner, Randy P. (2005). "Rainbow's Children: Diversity of Gender and Sexuality in African-Diasporic Spiritual Traditions". Patrick Bellegarde-Smith (Ed.). Fragments of Bone: Neo-African Religions in a New World. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ss. 143-166. ISBN 978-0-252-07205-5.
Cosentino, Donald (2005). "Vodou in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction". RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics. 47 (47). ss. 231-46. doi:10.1086/RESv47n1ms20167667. JSTOR 20167667.
de la Torre, Miguel A. (2004). Santería: The Beliefs and Rituals of a Growing Religion in America. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802849731.
du Toit, Brian M. (2001). "Ethnomedical (Folk) Healing in the Caribbean". Margarite Fernández Olmos; Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert (Ed.). Healing Cultures: Art and Religion as Curative Practices in the Caribbean and its Diaspora. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ss. 19-28. doi:10.1007/978-1-137-07647-2_2. ISBN 978-0312218980.
Fernández Olmos, Margarite; Paravisini-Gebert, Lizabeth (2011). Creole Religions of the Caribbean: An Introduction from Vodou and Santería to Obeah and Espiritismo. second. New York and London: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0814762288.
Flores-Peña, Ysamur (2005). "Lucumí: The Second Diaspora". Helen A. Berger (Ed.). Witchcraft and Magic: Contemporary North America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ss. 102-119. ISBN 978-0812238778.
Gregory, Steven (1989). "Afro-Caribbean Religions in New York City: The Case of Santería". Center for Migration Studies. 7 (1). ss. 287-304. doi:10.1111/j.2050-411X.1989.tb00994.x .
Hagedorn, Katherine J. (2000). "Bringing Down the Santo: An Analysis of Possession Performance in Afro-Cuban Santería". The World of Music. 42 (2). ss. 99-113. JSTOR 41699335.
Hagedorn, Katherine J. (2001). Divine Utterances: The Performance of Afro-Cuban Santería. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 978-1560989479.
Holbraad, Martin (2005). "Expending Multiplicity: Money in Cuban Ifá Cults". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 11 (2). ss. 231-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00234.x. JSTOR 3804208.
Holbraad, Martin (2012). "Truth Beyond Doubt: Ifá Oracles in Havana". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 2 (1). ss. 81-109. doi:10.14318/hau2.1.006.
Johnson, Paul Christopher (2002). Secrets, Gossip, and Gods: The Transformation of Brazilian Candomblé. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0195150589.001.0001. ISBN 9780195150582.
Khristoforova, Olga B. (2019). ""All of Them Are Our Ancestors": African and European Elements in Cuban Religion". Dmitri M. Bondarenko and Marina L. Butovskaya (Ed.). The Omnipresent Past: Historical Anthropology of Africa and African Diaspora. Moscow: LRC Publishing House. ss. 339-68. ISBN 9785907117761.
Kosmin, Barry A.; Mayer, Egon; Keysar, Ariela (2001). American Religious Identification Survey 2001 (PDF). New York City: The Graduate Center of the City University of New York.
Lefever, Harry G. (1996). "When the Saints Go Riding In: Santería in Cuba and the United States". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 35 (3). ss. 318-30. doi:10.2307/1386562. JSTOR 1386562.
Long, Carolyn Morrow (2002). "Perceptions of New Orleans Voodoo: Sin, Fraud, Entertainment, and Religion". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 6 (1). ss. 86-101. doi:10.1525/nr.2002.6.1.86. JSTOR 10.1525/nr.2002.6.1.86.
Mason, Michael Atwood (1994). ""I Bow My Head to the Ground": The Creation of Bodily Experience in a Cuban American Santería Initiation". The Journal of American Folklore. 107 (423). ss. 23-39. doi:10.2307/541071. JSTOR 541071.
Mason, Michael Atwood (2002). Living Santería: Rituals and Experiences in an Afro-Cuban Religion. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 978-1588340528.
McNeill, Brian; Esquivel, Eileen; Carrasco, Arlene; Mendoza, Rosalilia (2008). "Santería and the Healing Process in Cuba and the United States". Brian McNeill; Joseph Cervantes (Ed.). Latina/o Healing Practices: Mestizos and Indigenous Perspectives. New York: Routledge. ss. 63-81. ISBN 978-0415954204.
Nodal, Roberto; Ramos, Miguel (2005). "Let the Power Flow: Ebó as a Healing Mechanism in Lukumí Orisha Worship". Patrick Bellegarde-Smith (Ed.). Fragments of Bone: Neo-African Religions in a New World. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ss. 167-186. ISBN 978-0-252-07205-5.
Ochoa, Todd Ramón (2010). Society of the Dead: Quita Manaquita and Palo Praise in Cuba. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520256842.
Palmié, Stephan (2005). "Santería Grand Slam: Afro-Cuban Religious Studies and the Study of Afro-Cuban Religion". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 79 (3–4). ss. 281-300. doi:10.1163/22134360-90002510 .
Papenfuss, Maria (2023). "Santería in Catemaco, Mexico: Hybrid (Re)Configurations of Religious Meaning and Practice". Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society. Cilt 9. ss. 375-94. doi:10.30965/23642807-bja10044 .
Pérez y Mena, Andrés I. (1998). "Cuban Santería, Haitian Vodun, Puerto Rican Spiritualism: A Multiculturalist Inquiry into Syncretism". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 37 (1). ss. 15-27. doi:10.2307/1388026. JSTOR 1388026.
Pérez, Elizabeth (2013). "Portable Portals: Transnational Rituals for the Head across Globalizing Orisha Traditions" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 16 (4). ss. 35-62. doi:10.1525/nr.2013.16.4.35.
Sandoval, Mercedes C. (1979). "Santeria as a Mental Health Care System: An Historical Overview". Social Science and Medicine. 13B (2). ss. 137-51. doi:10.1016/0160-7987(79)90009-7. PMID 505056.
Shapiro Rok, Ester Rebeca (2001). "Santería as a Healing Practice in Diaspora Communities: My Cuban Jewish Journey with Oshun". Margarite Fernández Olmos; Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert (Ed.). Healing Cultures: Art and Religion as Curative Practices in the Caribbean and its Diaspora. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ss. 69-88. doi:10.1007/978-1-137-07647-2_5. ISBN 978-0312218980.
Vélez, María Teresa (2000). Drumming For The Gods: The Life and Times of Felipe Garcia Villamil, Santero, Palero and Abakuá. Studies in Latin American and Caribbean Music. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1566397315.
Wedel, Johan (2004). Santería Healing: A Journey into the Afro-Cuban World of Divinities, Spirits, and Sorcery. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813026947.
Wexler, Anna (2001). "Dolls and Healing in a Santería House". Margarite Fernández Olmos; Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert (Ed.). Healing Cultures: Art and Religion as Curative Practices in the Caribbean and its Diaspora. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ss. 89-114. doi:10.1007/978-1-137-07647-2_6. ISBN 978-0312218980.
Wirtz, Kristina (2007a). "How Diasporic Religious Communities Remember: Learning to Speak the "Tongue of the Oricha" in Santería". American Ethnologist. 34 (1). ss. 108-126. doi:10.1525/ae.2007.34.1.108.
Wirtz, Kristina (2007b). Ritual, Discourse, and Community in Cuban Santería: Speaking a Sacred World. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813030647.

Dış bağlantılar

Library resources in your library and in other libraries about Santería
Joseph M. Murphy. "Santería". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Santería profile at the Religious Movements Homepage (University of Virginia)
About Santeria, the website of Cynthia Duncan PhD
Santería Music Database, the website of Martin Blais
Santeria Religion Archived 2023-03-05 at the Wayback Machine Everything about Santeria, la Regla de Osha

[FOOTNOTELefever1996319Pérez_y_Mena199818Clark200133Hagedorn2001212Fernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert201141-1] Lefever 1996, s. 319; Pérez y Mena 1998, s. 18; Clark 2001, s. 33; Hagedorn 2001, s. 212; Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011, s. 41.

[FOOTNOTEWirtz2007b-2] Wirtz 2007b.

[FOOTNOTEClark2007-3] Clark 2007.

[FOOTNOTEMason199436Pérez_y_Mena199818Hagedorn200114Mason20028Ayorinde2007151Wirtz2007a109-4] Mason 1994, s. 36; Pérez y Mena & 1998, s. 18; Hagedorn 2001, s. 14; Mason 2002, s. 8; Ayorinde 2007, s. 151; Wirtz 2007a, s. 109.

[FOOTNOTEHagedorn200114Ayorinde2007151Clark20073-5] Hagedorn 2001, s. 14; Ayorinde 2007, s. 151; Clark 2007, s. 3.

[FOOTNOTEBrandon199356Clark20072Fernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert201133-6] Brandon 1993, s. 56; Clark 2007, s. 2; Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011, s. 33.

[FOOTNOTEPérez_y_Mena1998-7] Pérez y Mena 1998.

[FOOTNOTESandoval1979149-8] Sandoval 1979, s. 149.

[FOOTNOTEClark2001-9] Clark 2001.

[FOOTNOTEMason1994-10] Mason 1994.

[FOOTNOTEAyorinde2007-11] Ayorinde 2007.

[FOOTNOTEHagedorn2001-12] Hagedorn 2001.

[FOOTNOTECastañeda2007-13] Castañeda 2007.

[FOOTNOTESandoval1979-14] Sandoval 1979.

[FOOTNOTEFlores-Peña2005-15] Flores-Peña 2005.

[FOOTNOTELefever1996-16] Lefever 1996.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]