Kökel Kurganı

Kökel Kurganı (MS 1.-5. yüzyıllar), modern Tuva Cumhuriyeti bölgesinde, Güney Sibirya'dan gelen bir Hiung-nu sonrası kurgandır.^[1] Bu kurgan, geçici olarak Hiung-nu'nun çöküşü (MS 2. yüzyıl) ile İlk Türk Kağanlığı'nın yükselişi (MS 6. yüzyıl) arasındaki dönemde yer almaktadır.^[2] Rus arkeolojisinde "Hunno-Sarmatya dönemine" (M.Ö. 2. yüzyıl ve MS 5. yüzyıl) ait olduğu kabul edilmektedir.^[3]

Kökel kurganı aynı zamanda çeşitli arkeolojik keşiflerin yapıldığı yerlerin adlarına dayanarak "Syyn-Churek kurganı" veya "Shurmak kurganı" olarak da adlandırılmıştır.^[4]

Kökel bölgelerinin karbon tarihleri genellikle MS 2. ila 4. yüzyıllar arasında değişmektedir.^[5]

Kökel kurgan mezarları (MS 2.-4. yüzyıl), Erken Demir Çağı'nın (M.Ö. 9. yüzyıl) Saka kurganlarının daha eski mezarları ve Türk döneminin daha sonraki mezarları (MS 5. yüzyıl) ile birlikte bulunma eğilimindedir. ^[6]

Kaynakça

^ Sadykov et al. 2021.
^ Sadykov et al. 2021, "From the end of the Xiongnu Empire to the establishment of the first Turkic Khaganate, the territory of Southern Siberia sees the emergence of distinctive local material cultures. The Kokel culture is essentially unknown in the international English-language literature even though archaeological sites pertaining to this material culture are among the most common in Tuva (Southern Siberia).".
^ Sadykov et al. 2021, "The time between 2nd century BCE and 5th century CE in Central Asia is traditionally referred to in Soviet archaeological literature as the “Hunno-Sarmatian Period".
^ Sadykov et al. 2021, "These researchers independently named the same assemblage of materials Syyn-Churek culture [2] (based on the name of the excavated site, cf. Fig 1) and Shurmak culture [3] (also based on the site name cf. Fig 1). Stylistic comparisons classified the Kokel culture to belong within the chronological borders of the Hunno-Sarmatian period (2nd century BCE–5th century CE).".
^ Sadykov et al. 2021, "Until recently, only a few radiocarbon dates were available for Kokel sites. A small series of samples was measured for the Katylyg 5 fortified settlement (Table 1, cf. [16]), with almost all estimates falling between the 2nd–4th centuries CE (2σ).".
^ Chan et al. 2022, "Structures dated to the medieval period at Tunnug 1, including those attributed to Turkic burial culture, are found south of those of Early Iron Age (9th century BCE) and Kokel (2nd-4th century CE)".

[FOOTNOTESadykovCaspariBlochinLösch2021-1] Sadykov et al. 2021.

[FOOTNOTESadykovCaspariBlochinLösch2021"From_the_end_of_the_Xiongnu_Empire_to_the_establishment_of_the_first_Turkic_Khaganate,_the_territory_of_Southern_Siberia_sees_the_emergence_of_distinctive_local_material_cultures._The_Kokel_culture_is_essentially_unknown_in_the_international_English-language_literature_even_though_archaeological_sites_pertaining_to_this_material_culture_are_among_the_most_common_in_Tuva_(Southern_Siberia)."-2] Sadykov et al. 2021, "From the end of the Xiongnu Empire to the establishment of the first Turkic Khaganate, the territory of Southern Siberia sees the emergence of distinctive local material cultures. The Kokel culture is essentially unknown in the international English-language literature even though archaeological sites pertaining to this material culture are among the most common in Tuva (Southern Siberia).".

[FOOTNOTESadykovCaspariBlochinLösch2021"The_time_between_2nd_century_BCE_and_5th_century_CE_in_Central_Asia_is_traditionally_referred_to_in_Soviet_archaeological_literature_as_the_“Hunno-Sarmatian_Period"-3] Sadykov et al. 2021, "The time between 2nd century BCE and 5th century CE in Central Asia is traditionally referred to in Soviet archaeological literature as the “Hunno-Sarmatian Period".

[FOOTNOTESadykovCaspariBlochinLösch2021"These_researchers_independently_named_the_same_assemblage_of_materials_Syyn-Churek_culture_[2]_(based_on_the_name_of_the_excavated_site,_cf._Fig_1)_and_Shurmak_culture_[3]_(also_based_on_the_site_name_cf._Fig_1)._Stylistic_comparisons_classified_the_Kokel_culture_to_belong_within_the_chronological_borders_of_the_Hunno-Sarmatian_period_(2nd_century_BCE–5th_century_CE)."-4] Sadykov et al. 2021, "These researchers independently named the same assemblage of materials Syyn-Churek culture [2] (based on the name of the excavated site, cf. Fig 1) and Shurmak culture [3] (also based on the site name cf. Fig 1). Stylistic comparisons classified the Kokel culture to belong within the chronological borders of the Hunno-Sarmatian period (2nd century BCE–5th century CE).".

[FOOTNOTESadykovCaspariBlochinLösch2021"Until_recently,_only_a_few_radiocarbon_dates_were_available_for_Kokel_sites._A_small_series_of_samples_was_measured_for_the_Katylyg_5_fortified_settlement_(Table_1,_cf._[16]),_with_almost_all_estimates_falling_between_the_2nd–4th_centuries_CE_(2σ)."-5] Sadykov et al. 2021, "Until recently, only a few radiocarbon dates were available for Kokel sites. A small series of samples was measured for the Katylyg 5 fortified settlement (Table 1, cf. [16]), with almost all estimates falling between the 2nd–4th centuries CE (2σ).".

[FOOTNOTEChanSadykovBlochinHajdas2022"Structures_dated_to_the_medieval_period_at_Tunnug_1,_including_those_attributed_to_Turkic_burial_culture,_are_found_south_of_those_of_Early_Iron_Age_(9th_century_BCE)_and_Kokel_(2nd-4th_century_CE)"-6] Chan et al. 2022, "Structures dated to the medieval period at Tunnug 1, including those attributed to Turkic burial culture, are found south of those of Early Iron Age (9th century BCE) and Kokel (2nd-4th century CE)".

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