Punnett karesi

Punnett karesi, belirli çaprazlamanın veya üreme deneyinin genotiplerini tahmin etmede kullanılan kare diyagramdır. Adını bu tekniği 1905 yılında geliştiren Reginald C. Punnett'ten alır.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] Biyologlar tarafından, bir yavrunun hangi genotiplere sahip olabileceğini belirlemede kullanılan bir diyagramdır. Punnett karesi, anneden ve babadan gelen alellerin olası kombinasyonlarının tablo halinde gösterilmesidir.^[9] Bu tablolar, belirli bir özelliğe sahip bir yavrunun olası genotipik karakterini veya ebeveynlerden gelen birden fazla özelliğin çaprazlanması (alel) incelemek için kullanılabilir.

Punnett karesi, Gregor Mendel tarafından keşfedilmiş temel bir genetik konusu olan Mendel kalıtımının görsel temsilidir.^[10] Birden fazla özellik için "çatallı hat yöntemi", Punnett karesinden genelde çok daha kolaydır. Fenotipler, bir Punnett karesi kullanılarak en azından şanstan daha yüksek bir doğrulukla tahmin edilebilir; ancak, belirli bir genotipin varlığında ortaya çıkabilecek fenotip, bazı durumlarda çok sayıda başka faktörden etkilenebilir — örneğin, poligenik kalıtımın ve/veya epigenetik mekanizmaların devrede olduğu durumlarda.

Kaynakça

^ Mendel, Gregor Johann (1866). Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. BSHS Translations. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins (Almanca ve İngilizce). IV. p. 14: Verlag des naturforschender Vereins zu Brünn / Georg Gastl's Buchdruckerei /. 29 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Haziran 2020.
^ Mendel, Gregor Johann (1866). Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. BSHS Translations. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins (Almanca ve İngilizce). IV. p. 47: Verlag des naturforschender Vereins zu Brünn / Georg Gastl's Buchdruckerei. 29 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Haziran 2020.
^ Punnett, Reginald Crundall (1907). Mendelism. 2. London, UK: Macmillan. (NB. The 1905 first edition of this book does not contain the Punnett square. In 1911, the third edition gives a more thorough explanation.)
^ Edwards, Anthony William Fairbank (March 2012). "Punnett's square". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 43 (1). 219-224. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.11.011. PMID 22326091. The origin and development of Punnett's Square for the enumeration and display of genotypes arising in a cross in Mendelian genetics is described. Due to R. C. Punnett, the idea evolved through the work of the 'Cambridge geneticists', including Punnett's colleagues William Bateson, E. R. Saunders and R. H. Lock, soon after the rediscovery of Mendel's paper in 1900. These geneticists were thoroughly familiar with Mendel's paper, which itself contained a similar square diagram. A previously-unpublished three-factor diagram by Sir Francis Galton existing in the Bateson correspondence in Cambridge University Library is then described. Finally the connection between Punnett's Square and Venn Diagrams is emphasized, and it is pointed out that Punnett, Lock and John Venn overlapped as Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
^ Edwards, Anthony William Fairbank (September 2012). "Reginald Crundall Punnett: First Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics, Cambridge, 1912". Genetics. 192 (1). Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, UK: Genetics Society of America. ss. 3-13. doi:10.1534/genetics.112.143552. PMC 3430543 . PMID 22964834. [...] Punnett's square seems to have been a development of 1905, too late for the first edition of his Mendelism (May 1905) but much in evidence in Report III to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society [(Bateson et al. 1906b) "received March 16, 1906"]. The earliest mention is contained in a letter to Bateson from Francis Galton dated October 1, 1905 (Edwards 2012). We have the testimony of Bateson (1909, p. 57) that "For the introduction of this system [the 'graphic method'], which greatly simplifies difficult cases, I am indebted to Mr. Punnett." [...] The first published diagrams appeared in 1906. [...] when Punnett published the second edition of his Mendelism, he used a slightly different format ([...] Punnett 1907, p. 45) [...] In the third edition (Punnett 1911, p. 34) he reverted to the arrangement [...] with a description of the construction of what he called the "chessboard" method (although in truth it is more like a multiplication table). [...] (11 pages)
^ Wimsatt, William C. (15 Mayıs 2012), "The analytic geometry of genetics: Part I: the structure, function, and early evolution of Punnett squares", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 66 (66), ss. 359-396 [359], doi:10.1007/s00407-012-0096-7
^ Edwards, Anthony William Fairbank (June 2016). "Punnett's square: a postscript". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Cilt 57. Elsevier Ltd. ss. 69-70. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.01.00129 Mart 2021. (2 pages)
^ Müller-Wille, Staffan; Parolini, Giuditta (9 Aralık 2020). "Punnett squares and hybrid crosses: how Mendelians learned their trade by the book". Learning by the Book: Manuals and Handbooks in the History of Science. BJHS Themes. 5. British Society for the History of Science / Cambridge University Press. ss. 149-165. doi:10.1017/bjt.2020.12. 29 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Mart 2021. [...] Nilsson-Ehle was experimenting with a visual arrangement that would become very popular in Mendelian genetics. The lower half of his notes comes close to what is known as the 'Punnett square' [...] Punnett introduced this square diagram to the literature in 1906 in a paper co-authored with Bateson and Edith R. Saunders, and included it in the second edition of his Mendelism. In the third edition (1911), he added a verbal description of how to construct the diagram, and the Punnett square became a standard feature of Mendelian literature. As a detailed reconstruction by A.W.F. Edwards has shown, the diagram first took shape in an exchange of letters between Bateson and Galton for the more complex case of a trihybrid cross, and may well have been inspired by the way in which Mendel presented a case of trifactorial inheritance of flower colour in beans. [...]
^ Griffiths, Anthony J. F.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, William M. (2000). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 7. New York, USA: W. H. Freeman.
^ Basu, Arkatappa. ""The Hindu ePaper | Daily News and Current Affairs"". epaper.thehindu.com (1 April 2024). The Hindu. 13 Mart 2024 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Nisan 2024.

Ek okuma

Campbell, Neil Allison (2005). Biology. 7. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8053-7146-8. OCLC 71890442.

Dış bağlantılar

[Mendel_1866_1-1] Mendel, Gregor Johann (1866). Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. BSHS Translations. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins (Almanca ve İngilizce). IV. p. 14: Verlag des naturforschender Vereins zu Brünn / Georg Gastl's Buchdruckerei /. 29 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Haziran 2020.

[Mendel_1866_2-2] Mendel, Gregor Johann (1866). Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden. BSHS Translations. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins (Almanca ve İngilizce). IV. p. 47: Verlag des naturforschender Vereins zu Brünn / Georg Gastl's Buchdruckerei. 29 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Haziran 2020.

[Punnett_1907-3] Punnett, Reginald Crundall (1907). Mendelism. 2. London, UK: Macmillan. (NB. The 1905 first edition of this book does not contain the Punnett square. In 1911, the third edition gives a more thorough explanation.)

[Edwards_2012_1-4] Edwards, Anthony William Fairbank (March 2012). "Punnett's square". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 43 (1). 219-224. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.11.011. PMID 22326091. The origin and development of Punnett's Square for the enumeration and display of genotypes arising in a cross in Mendelian genetics is described. Due to R. C. Punnett, the idea evolved through the work of the 'Cambridge geneticists', including Punnett's colleagues William Bateson, E. R. Saunders and R. H. Lock, soon after the rediscovery of Mendel's paper in 1900. These geneticists were thoroughly familiar with Mendel's paper, which itself contained a similar square diagram. A previously-unpublished three-factor diagram by Sir Francis Galton existing in the Bateson correspondence in Cambridge University Library is then described. Finally the connection between Punnett's Square and Venn Diagrams is emphasized, and it is pointed out that Punnett, Lock and John Venn overlapped as Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

[Edwards_2012_2-5] Edwards, Anthony William Fairbank (September 2012). "Reginald Crundall Punnett: First Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics, Cambridge, 1912". Genetics. 192 (1). Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, UK: Genetics Society of America. ss. 3-13. doi:10.1534/genetics.112.143552. PMC 3430543 . PMID 22964834. [...] Punnett's square seems to have been a development of 1905, too late for the first edition of his Mendelism (May 1905) but much in evidence in Report III to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society [(Bateson et al. 1906b) "received March 16, 1906"]. The earliest mention is contained in a letter to Bateson from Francis Galton dated October 1, 1905 (Edwards 2012). We have the testimony of Bateson (1909, p. 57) that "For the introduction of this system [the 'graphic method'], which greatly simplifies difficult cases, I am indebted to Mr. Punnett." [...] The first published diagrams appeared in 1906. [...] when Punnett published the second edition of his Mendelism, he used a slightly different format ([...] Punnett 1907, p. 45) [...] In the third edition (Punnett 1911, p. 34) he reverted to the arrangement [...] with a description of the construction of what he called the "chessboard" method (although in truth it is more like a multiplication table). [...] (11 pages)

[Wimsatt_2012-6] Wimsatt, William C. (15 Mayıs 2012), "The analytic geometry of genetics: Part I: the structure, function, and early evolution of Punnett squares", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 66 (66), ss. 359-396 [359], doi:10.1007/s00407-012-0096-7

[Edwards_2016-7] Edwards, Anthony William Fairbank (June 2016). "Punnett's square: a postscript". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Cilt 57. Elsevier Ltd. ss. 69-70. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.01.00129 Mart 2021. (2 pages)

[Müller-Wille-Parolini_2020-8] Müller-Wille, Staffan; Parolini, Giuditta (9 Aralık 2020). "Punnett squares and hybrid crosses: how Mendelians learned their trade by the book". Learning by the Book: Manuals and Handbooks in the History of Science. BJHS Themes. 5. British Society for the History of Science / Cambridge University Press. ss. 149-165. doi:10.1017/bjt.2020.12. 29 Mart 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Mart 2021. [...] Nilsson-Ehle was experimenting with a visual arrangement that would become very popular in Mendelian genetics. The lower half of his notes comes close to what is known as the 'Punnett square' [...] Punnett introduced this square diagram to the literature in 1906 in a paper co-authored with Bateson and Edith R. Saunders, and included it in the second edition of his Mendelism. In the third edition (1911), he added a verbal description of how to construct the diagram, and the Punnett square became a standard feature of Mendelian literature. As a detailed reconstruction by A.W.F. Edwards has shown, the diagram first took shape in an exchange of letters between Bateson and Galton for the more complex case of a trihybrid cross, and may well have been inspired by the way in which Mendel presented a case of trifactorial inheritance of flower colour in beans. [...]

[Griffiths-Miller-Suzuki-Lewontin-Gelbart_2000-9] Griffiths, Anthony J. F.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, William M. (2000). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 7. New York, USA: W. H. Freeman.

[10] Basu, Arkatappa. ""The Hindu ePaper | Daily News and Current Affairs"". epaper.thehindu.com (1 April 2024). The Hindu. 13 Mart 2024 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Nisan 2024.

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